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Abstract To explore the spontaneous combustion characteristics and hazards of the low-temperature oxidation (LTO) stage in the process of spontaneous combustion of coal and mudstone, the pore structure, spontaneous combustion characteristic parameters, and exothermic characteristics of coal and mudstone were tested and studied, and the oxidation kinetic parameters were calculated. The results show that mudstone has a larger specific surface area and pore volume than coal. From the fractal characteristics, the pore structure of mudstone is more complex than that of coal. According to the comparison of theoretical and actual gas generation and oxygen consumption rate curves, it is found that there is an interaction between coal and mudstone in the LTO process. With the increase of mudstone mass ratio, gas production, and its oxygen consumption rate increase. Among them, CM-4 (Coal:Mudstone = 1:1) has the highest exothermic intensity and the exothermic factor (A) and fire coefficient (K) increase with the increase of mudstone content. The apparent activation energy of the mudstone sample is lower than that of the raw coal, indicating that the sample after adding mudstone is more likely to have spontaneous combustion in the LTO stage.

The present work provides a systematical investigation on the hot deformation behavior of Fe2Ni2CrAl1.2 multi-principle element alloys (MPEAs). Hot compression tests were carried out at various temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C at different strain rates from 0.001 s-1 to 1 s-1. The stress–strain curves obtained under different processing conditions were used to develop the constitutive model for the alloy. The advanced machine learning (ML) models including Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Random Forest (RF) were trained to predict the flow behavior of Fe2Ni2CrAl1.2 MPEAs. The predictive capability of ML algorithms were estimated, the SVR model performed better among the developed four algorithms. Then Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was imposed to SVR model to further enhance its prediction accuracy. The developed PSO-SVR model achieved an average testing R2 of 0.9819, as well as low RMSE and MAPE values, demonstrating its strong predictive performance. Then the PSO-SVR model was applied to generate the flow curves at various temperature and strain rate for the development of the hot processing maps. The flow instability and the optimum processing conditions were identified, indicating that instability (ζ

Abstract Background Lung cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Drug repurposing and nano-drug delivery systems are attracting considerable attention for improving anti-cancer therapy. Sertaconazole (STZ), an antifungal agent, has been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against both normal and tumor cells, and its medical use is limited by its poor solubility. In order to overcome such shortcomings, we prepared a drug-repurposed nanoplatform to enhance the anti-tumor efficiency. Methods Nanoplatform was prepared by thin film dispersion. Drug release studies and uptake studies were measured in vitro. Subsequently, we verified the tumor inhibition mechanisms of HTS NPs through apoptosis assay, immunoblotting and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection analyses. Antitumor activity was evaluated on an established xenograft lung cancer model in vivo. Results Our nanoplatform improved the solubility of sertaconazole and increased its accumulation in tumor cells. Mechanistically, HTS NPs was dependent on ROS-mediated apoptosis and pro-apoptotic autophagy to achieve their excellent anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, HTS NPs also showed strong inhibitory ability in nude mouse xenograft models without significant side effects. Conclusions Our results suggest that sertaconazole-repurposed nanoplatform provides an effective strategy for lung cancer treatment.

Abstract In this paper, we revisit the kinematical state of our Universe via the cosmographic approach by using Gaussian process, where the minimum assumption is the cosmological principle, i.e. the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric. A obviously distinguished feature is that these cosmography parameters are free of any gravity theories and cosmological models. And Gaussian process is independent of any specific parameterized forms of function. Thus by transformations these generic cosmography parameters can be used to constrain a cosmological model and dark energy model directly at the kinematics level of our Universe. As a result, a series of cosmography parameters up to the fifth oder, i.e. the Hubble parameter H(z), the deceleration parameter q(z), the jerk parameter j(z), the snap parameter s(z) and the lerk parameter l(z), evolve with respect to the redshift z are reconstructed from the cosmic observations which include the recently released Pantheon+ SN Ia samples and the observational Hubble data H(z), also dubbed as cosmic chronometers. The result shows the transition redshift from a decelerated expansion to an accelerated expansion $$z_t=0.652^{+0.054}_{-0.043}$$ z t = 0 . 652 - 0.043 + 0.054 which is consistent with the previous results.

Thermodynamic calculations were utilized to accelerate the pace of discovering promising composition combination by tailoring phase fraction. Then a family of Fe2Ni2CrAlx multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) were synthesized to investigate the effect of Al on the crystal structure, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties. A two-phase, face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC), structure was identified in alloys with lower Al content (x = 0.9 and 1.1), the alloy consists of structure with stripe patterns. As the Al concentration increased, the FCC phases disappeared, the volume fraction of BCC and B2 phase increased. The morphology turned into polygonal grains in which the periodic maze-shaped microstructure can be identified. Higher Al content dramatically increased the nanohardness and strength of the Fe2Ni2CrAlx MPEAs, but reduced the plasticity. Among the developed alloys, the Fe2Ni2CrAl1.2 alloy displayed the best property combination, with yield stress, compressive strength, and plasticity of 1117.8 MPa, 2961 MPa and 42.3%. These values are superior to most reported as-cast MPEAs. Precipitation strengthening was found to be the main strengthening mechanism responsible for the enhanced mechanical properties of the Fe2Ni2CrAl1.2 alloy. The current work offers the systematic understanding of the strengthening.

The microstructure and tensile deformation behavior of a Fe2.5Ni2.5CrAl multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) were investigated. The combined effect of the soft FCC phase and the hard BCC + B2 microconstituent resulted in a best-in-class strength-ductility combination. The stress–strain relationship obtained from nano-indentation tests agrees well with the tensile stress–strain curves. The fracture surface of Fe2.5Ni2.5CrAl MPEAs indicates the ductile fracture. Cracks tend to form at the interfaces of the FCC/BCC phases and expand along the voids by plastic deformation. Both dislocations and deformation twinning were responsible for the excellent properties. Second phase strengthening resulted in the largest strength increment. MD simulations revealed the formation of the HCP structure and stacking faults. Shockley dislocations were the key factor in the deformation behavior. Our study has shown best-in-class strength-ductility combination in a commercially relevant multi principal element alloy, the results are promising for several industrial applications.

Abstract The study of the selective feeding of bivalves is necessary in order to improve our understanding of bivalve growth and development, which helps to better define the roles of bivalves in their ecosystems. Little information is currently available on the feeding preferences of bivalves in natural waters, since all diets are provided as single or mixed algae in experiments. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of the 23S rRNA gene was performed to explore differences in the feeding selectivity of Mercenaria mercenaria, Meretrix meretrix and Ruditapes philippinarum during different stages of their culturing to reveal their feeding preferences in natural waters. We found that the three bivalve species had different preferential selection of phytoplankton genera, indicating specific selection and avoidance of particular types of algae during their development in aquaculture. M. mercenaria was the most selective of the bivalves, followed by M. meretrix and then R. philippinarum. With the growth of M. mercenaria and M. meretrix, more kinds of phytoplankton could be ingested. In addition, high-throughput sequencing showed that some picophytoplankton including Synechococcus, Microchloropsis, and Chrysochromulina were dominant in the hepatopancreas samples obtained from these three bivalves. Therefore, the importance of these pico-sized algae in bivalve diets should be reassessed.

Abstract We analyze the anisotropic factors present in the gravitational wave signal, such as the peculiar velocity of the observer and the inhomogeneous distribution of matter in the universe. We model the gravitational wave source as a standard siren, extract the anisotropic part of its luminosity distance $$d_L$$ d L , and obtain the Hubble parameter H(z) by direct calculation instead of integration. Finally, we derive the equation of state $$w_\mathrm{DE}(z)$$ w DE ( z ) for the dark energy by both model-dependent and model-independent methods, and further investigate the cosmological significance of the simulated H(z) measurements. The advantage of this approach is that it makes full use of the anisotropic part of the $$d_L$$ d L data, which directly gives the value of H(z) at certain redshifts. This approach is sensitive to the local features of H(z) and does not depend on the cosmological model.

Abstract The 15# coal seam of Yangmei No.5 Mine, which produces anthracite, which is the least prone to spontaneous combustion, has a serious hidden danger of spontaneous combustion due to the high sulfur content in the coal. Based on the better conductivity of anthracite, we designed an electrolysis experiment to accelerate the electrochemical oxidation of pyrite in coal. Through experiments and analysis of thermodynamic characteristic parameters, it is obtained that the electrochemical oxidation of pyrite and its main products Fe3+ and Fe2+ have a coupled catalytic effect on the spontaneous combustion of high-sulfur coal in Yangquan. Combined with the FTIR test and analysis, it is found that the electrochemical process causes spatial polarization in the coal, so that polar groups such as –OH undergo spatial diversion and increase the activity. Due to the high content of –OH in Yangquan anthracite, the electrochemical process has the greatest effect on promoting –OH oxidation. Fe3+ and Fe2+ act as strong oxidants and free radicals to promote the –CH2– reaction to generate C=O and promote the generation of CO. This research provides a new direction for the exploration of the spontaneous combustion mechanism of high-sulfur anthracite.

In wheat, the leaf chlorophyll content in flag leaves is closely related to the degree of phosphorus stress. Identifying major genes/loci associated with chlorophyll content in flag leaves under different phosphorus conditions is critical for breeding wheat varieties resistant to low phosphorus (P). Under normal, medium, and low phosphorus conditions, the chlorophyll content of flag leaves was investigated by a double haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between two popular wheat varieties Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84, at different grain filling stages. Chlorophyll content of the DH population and parents decreased gradually during the S1 to the S3 stages and rapidly at the S4 stage. At the S4 stage, the chlorophyll content of the DH population under low phosphorus conditions was significantly lower than under normal phosphate conditions. Using a wheat 15K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel, a total of 157 QTLs were found to be associated with chlorophyll content in flag leaf and were identified under three phosphorus conditions. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranged from 3.07 to 31.66%. Under three different phosphorus conditions, 36, 30, and 48 QTLs for chlorophyll content were identified, respectively. Six major QTLs Qchl.saw-2B.1, Qchl.saw-3B.1, Qchl.saw-4D.1, Qchl.saw-4D.2, Qchl.saw-5A.9 and Qchl.saw-6A.4 could be detected under multiple phosphorus conditions in which Qchl.saw-4D.1, Qchl.saw-4D.2, and Qchl.saw-6A.4 were revealed to be novel major QTLs. Moreover, the closely linked SNP markers of Qchl.saw-4D.1 and Qchl.saw-4D.2 were validated as KASP markers in a DH population sharing the common parent Jinmai 84, showed extreme significance (P

Vitamin B9, particularly folic acid, is an essential molecule for human health. Wheat flour is one of the major sources of calorie intake by humans. The selection of folate-rich genotypes in wheat breeding can enhance the natural folate value in the daily diet. This study used a precise, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay to analyze folate content in a 262-accession Chinese wheat mini-core collection (MCC) grown under three environments. Four folate derivatives in grains including tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF), 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-THF), and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH+THF) were considered. An association analysis of water regimes, accession types, released years, geographical origin, and agronomic traits with folate content was conducted for the first time. There was a large amount of variation in folate content in the analyzed accessions, with genotype identified as the main influencing factor. Total folate content was significantly correlated with the content of the four MCC derivatives under the three environments. 5-CH3-THF and 5-CHO-THF were the most abundant among the four folate derivatives and were positively correlated with high folate content. The 12 accessions with the highest folate content showed an average of more than 80 μg/100 g. The analysis demonstrated that this Chinese wheat had not undergone extensive selection for folate content during breeding, which is unrelated to the geographical origin, accession types, winter/spring types, and grain colors of wheat. The content of THF, 5-CH3-THF, and 5,10-CH+THF was significantly negatively correlated with grain width, grain thickness, and thousand kernel weight. A relatively weak negative relationship manifested between folate contents and flowering date, whereas no significant correlation with tiller number, grain number per spike, maturity date, height, and spike length was detected. The investigation benefits wheat breeders for folate enhancement.

In arid and semi-arid regions, coleoptile length is a vital agronomic trait for wheat breeding. The coleoptile length determines the maximum depth that seeds can be sown, and it is critical for establishment of the crop. Therefore, identifying loci associated with coleoptile length in wheat is essential. In the present study, 282 accessions from Shanxi Province representing wheat breeding for the Loess Plateau were grown under three experimental conditions to study coleoptile length. The results of phenotypic variation indicated that drought stress and light stress could lead to shortening of coleoptile length. Under drought stress the growth rate of environmentally sensitive cultivars decreased more than insensitive cultivars. The broad-sense heritability (H2) of BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) under various conditions showed G × E interaction for coleoptile length but was mainly influenced by heredity. Correlation analysis showed that correlation between plant height-related traits and coleoptile length was significant in modern cultivars whereas it was not significant in landraces. A total of 45 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for coleoptile length in the three conditions were identified using the 3VmrMLM (3 Variance-component multi-locus random-SNP-effect Mixed Linear Model) and MLM (mixed linear model). In total, nine stable genetic loci were identified via 3VmrMLM under the three conditions, explaining 2.94–7.79% of phenotypic variation. Five loci on chromosome 2B, 3A, 3B, and 5B have not been reported previously. Six loci had additive effects toward increasing coleoptile length, three of which are novel. Molecular markers for the loci with additive effects on coleoptile length can be used to breed cultivars with long coleoptiles.

Flag-leaf-related traits including length (FLL), width (FLW), area (FLA), thickness (FLT), and volume (FLV) of flag leaves are the most important determinants of plant architecture and yield in wheat. Understanding the genetic basis of these traits could accelerate the breeding of high yield wheat varieties. In this study, we constructed a doubled haploid (DH) population and analyzed flag-leaf-related traits in five experimental locations/years using the wheat 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism array. It’s worth noting that a novel method was used to measure FLT and FLV easily. Leaf thickness at two-thirds of the leaf length from tip to collar represented the average leaf thickness as measured with freehand sections and was used to calculate the leaf volume. In addition, flag-leaf-related traits showed positive correlations with yield related traits under two different water regimes. A total of 79 quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the five traits were detected among all chromosomes except 4D and 5A, explaining 3.09–14.52% of the phenotypic variation. Among them, 15 stable QTL were identified in more than three environments, including two major QTL for FLT, six for FLW, three for FLA, two for FLT and two for FLV. DH lines with positive alleles at both QTL regions had an average FLL (9.90%), FLW (32.87%), FLT (6.62%), FLA (18.47%), and FLV (20.87%) greater than lines with contrasting alleles. QFLT-2B, QFLV-2A, and QFLV-7D were co-located with yield-related traits. The 15 QTL were validated by tightly linked kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a different cross. QFLL-4A, QFLW-4B, QFLA-5D.1, QFLA-7A, QFLA-7D.1, QFLT-2B, QFLT-6A, QFLV-2A, and QFLV-7D are likely novel loci. These results provide a better understanding of the genetic basis underlying flag-leaf-related traits. Also, target regions for fine mapping and marker-assisted selection were identified and these will be valuable for breeding high yielding bread wheat.

The large-scale cultivation of S. fusiforme was hypothesized to effectively improve water quality and environmental characteristics. Specifically, such cultivation could promote habitat restoration effects by increasing DO and pH levels in addition to decreasing nitrogen and phosphorus levels within cultivation area waters. Phytoplankton diversity could also reflect the quality and health of waters. This study explored the effects of large-scale cultivation of Sargassum fusiforme on the biodiversity and the ecosystem of a phytoplankton community in the coastal waters of Dongtou island, China. S. fusiforme cultivation increased DO and pH values within the area but decreased N contents of the cultivation area waters. A total of 75 phytoplankton species were identified based on morphological identification, while a parallel survey of phytoplankton communities using high-throughput cultivation-independent sequencing identified 601 phytoplankton OTUs. Large scale cultivation of S. fusiforme was associated with increased phytoplankton diversity as reflected by multiple alpha and beta diversity metrics. These data suggested that S. fusiforme cultivation could affect phytoplankton community structure when the S. fusiforme biomass reached maximum levels. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that S. fusiforme played an important role in controlling the dynamics of phytoplankton communities in coastal ecosystems. Thus, the results suggested that S. fusiforme cultivation could enhance phytoplankton community biodiversity. Overall, this study demonstrated that large-scale cultivation of S. fusiforme in coastal regions was an effective approach for mitigating environmental problems in marine ecosystems.

Previously used in anti-fungal therapy, itraconazole has now been shown to be successful in treating advanced breast cancer (NCT00798135). However, its poor solubility still restricts its application in clinical treatment. There is therefore an urgent need for combined methods to enhance the therapeutic effect of itraconazole (IC) in breast cancer treatment. With this goal, co-assembled IC/IR820 NPs with synergistic photonic hyperthermia and itraconazole payloads have been constructed to overcome these shortcomings. The IC/IR820 NPs show an enhanced therapeutic effect on breast cancer by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis and autophagic death. Further evaluation in a mouse model has shown impressive effects of the IC/IR820 NPs on both inhibiting tumor metastasis and activating immunity to prevent tumor recurrence. Mechanistically, itraconazole may promote both tumor cell antigen presentation through autophagy and the activation of dendritic cells to induce an immune response, which displays a synergistic effect with the immune response generated by photothermal therapy to inhibit tumor recurrence. This strategy of combining itraconazole and IR820 into one minimalist and robust nanoplatform through co-assembly results in excellent therapeutic efficacy, suggesting its potential application as an alternative method for the clinical treatment of breast cancer.

Abstract In order to realize the storage of the residual coal in the goaf on the flue gas of the power plant, the adsorption characteristics of nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas of the power plant were studied. The Gaussian09 was used to study the adsorption process of NO2 molecules on coal at the density functional (DFT) B3LYP/6-311G level, and the model of NO2 adsorption by coal was established. Different quantities were obtained using orbital energy changes and molecular bond length changes. According to the principle of molecular adsorption, the adsorption of NO2 by coal is considered to be physical adsorption with endothermic heat. On the basis of simulation, using self-organized experimental devices, the single-component NO2 gas and the simulated coal-fired power plant flue gas were introduced into anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite. In single-component adsorption, the adsorption of NO2 by lignite increases with time. The time to reach equilibrium is related to the properties of the coal itself. In the process of simulated flue gas adsorption, the order of the adsorption amount of coal to flue gas is CO2 > NO2 > N2 > O2. In the simulated flue gas, coal is easy to absorb NO2 and CO2, and the competition between gases reduces the frequency of contact between NO2 and the coal surface. Simulation and experimental results show that coal has obvious adsorption characteristics for NO2, and it is feasible for the residual coal in the goaf to adsorb NO2 in the flue gas of power plants.

Chlorophyll content of the flag leaf is an important trait for drought resistance in wheat under drought stress. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of flag leaf chlorophyll content could accelerate breeding for drought resistance. In this study, we constructed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross of drought-sensitive variety DH118 and drought-resistant variety Jinmai 919, and analyzed the chlorophyll contents of flag leaves in six experimental locations/years using the Wheat90K single-nucleotide polymorphism array. A total of 29 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling flag leaf chlorophyll were detected with contributions to phenotypic variation ranging from 4.67 to 23.25%. Twelve QTLs were detected under irrigated conditions and 18 were detected under dryland (drought) conditions. Most of the QTLs detected under the different water regimes were different. Four major QTLs (Qchl.saw-3B.2, Qchl.saw-5A.2, Qchl.saw-5A.3, and Qchl.saw-5B.2) were detected in the RIL population. Qchl.saw-3B.2, possibly more suitable for marker-assisted selection of genotypes adapted to irrigated conditions, was validated by a tightly linked kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) marker in a doubled haploid population derived from a different cross. Qchl.saw-5A.3, a novel stably expressed QTL, was detected in the dryland environments and explained up to 23.25% of the phenotypic variation, and has potential for marker-assisted breeding of genotypes adapted to dryland conditions. The stable and major QTLs identified here add valuable information for understanding the genetic mechanism underlying chlorophyll content and provide a basis for molecular marker–assisted breeding.

Large numbers of neutrophils infiltrate tumors and comprise a notable component of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. While it is established that tumor cells exhibit the Warburg effect for energy production, the contribution of the neutrophil metabolic state to tumorigenesis is unknown. Here, we investigated whether neutrophil infiltration and metabolic status promotes tumor progression in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We observed a large increase in the proportion of neutrophils in the blood and tumor upon orthotopic transplantation. Intriguingly, these tumor-infiltrating neutrophils up-regulated glycolytic factors and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) expression compared to neutrophils from the bone marrow and blood of the same mouse. This enhanced glycolytic signature was also observed in human PDAC tissue samples. Strikingly, neutrophil-specific deletion of HIF-1α (HIF-1αΔNφ) significantly reduced tumor burden and improved overall survival in orthotopic transplanted mice, by converting the pro-tumorigenic neutrophil phenotype to an anti-tumorigenic phenotype. This outcome was associated with elevated reactive oxygen species production and activated natural killer cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells compared to littermate control mice. These data suggest a role for HIF-1α in neutrophil metabolism, which could be exploited as a target for metabolic modulation in cancer.

A method for the determination of lutein, the main component of carotenoid in wheat by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established. The samples were extracted with acetone and methanol (acetone : methanol 7 : 3, v / v, 0.1 % BHT w / v), and fully dissolved in methanol / acetonitrile / n-hexane (7 : 2 : 1, v / v / v) mixed solution. Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (4.6 mm× 150 mm, 4μm) was used as the separation column, acetonitrile,methanol and n-hexane solution were used as mobile phase with gradient elution, flow rate was 1.0 mL·min−1, column temperature was 25 ℃, injection volume was 50 μL, and detection wave length was 450 nm. The mass concentration of lutein had a good linear relationships with the chromatographic peak area in the range of 0.5-5.0 μg·mL−1, the correlation coefficients were all not less than 0.999 8, and the detection limits was 12 ng·mL−1. The recoveries rate of standard addition in sampling were 95.50%-97.33%, and the relative standard deviations of determination results were 1.20%-1.66%(n=5). The method is sensitive, precise, rapid, accurate and efficient. The advantages of this study can be summarized in the next bullet points: • Can be used for the determination of lutein in wheat. • The detection time is short. • Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for lutein was 12 ng·mL−1 and 42 ng·mL−1.

Wheat founder parents have been important in the development of new wheat cultivars. Understanding the effects of specific genome regions on yield-related traits in founder variety derivatives can enable more efficient use of these genetic resources through molecular breeding. In this study, the genetic regions related to field grain number per spike (GNS) from the founder parent Linfen 5064 were analyzed using a doubled haploid (DH) population developed from a cross between Linfen 5064 and Nongda 3338. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for five spike-related traits over nine experimental locations/years were identified, namely, total spikelet number per spike (TSS), base sterile spikelet number per spike (BSSS), top sterile spikelet number per spike (TSSS), fertile spikelet number per spike (FSS), and GNS. A total of 13 stable QTL explaining 3.91–19.51% of the phenotypic variation were found. The effect of six of these QTL, Qtss.saw-2B.1, Qtss.saw-2B.2, Qtss.saw-3B, Qfss.saw-2B.2, Qbsss.saw-5A.1, and Qgns.saw-1A, were verified by another DH population (Linfen 5064/Jinmai 47), which showed extreme significance (P < 0.05) in more than three environments. No homologs of reported grain number-related from grass species were found in the physical regions of Qtss.saw-2B.1 and Qtss.saw-3B, that indicating both of them are novel QTL, or possess novel-related genes. The positive alleles of Qtss.saw-2B.2 from Linfen 5064 have the larger effect on TSS (3.30%, 0.62) and have 66.89% in Chinese cultivars under long-term artificial selection. This study revealed three key regions for GNS in Linfen 5064 and provides insights into molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Water availability is a crucial environmental factor on grain number in wheat, which is one of the important yield-related traits. In this study, a diverse panel of 282 wheat accessions were phenotyped for grain number per spike (GNS), spikelet number (SN), basal sterile spikelet number (BSSN), and apical sterile spikelet number (ASSN) under different water regimes across two growing seasons. Correlation analysis showed that GNS is significantly correlated with both SN and BSSN under two water regimes. A total of 9,793 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from the 15 K wheat array were employed for genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 77 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for investigated traits as well as 8 MTAs for drought tolerance coefficient (DTC) were identified using the mixed linear model. Favored alleles for breeding were inferred according to their estimated effects on GNS, based on the mean difference of varieties. Frequency changes in favored alleles associated with GNS in modern varieties indicate there is still considerable genetic potential for their use as markers for genome selection of GNS in wheat breeding.

Cholestasis is a kind of stressful syndrome along with liver toxicity, which has been demonstrated to be related to fibrosis, cirrhosis, even cholangiocellular or hepatocellular carcinomas. Cholestasis usually caused by the dysregulated metabolism of bile acids that possess high cellular toxicity and synthesized by cholesterol in the liver to undergo enterohepatic circulation. In cholestasis, the accumulation of bile acids in the liver causes biliary and hepatocyte injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is regarded as a bile acid–activated receptor that regulates a network of genes involved in bile acid metabolism, providing a new therapeutic target to treat cholestatic diseases. Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone isolated from medicinal plants in the genus Arctostaphylos, which has a variety of potentially pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant activity. However, the mechanistic contributions of arbutin to alleviate liver injury of cholestasis, especially its role on bile acid homeostasis via nuclear receptors, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that arbutin has a protective effect on α-naphthylisothiocyanate–induced cholestasis via upregulation of the levels of FXR and downstream enzymes associated with bile acid homeostasis such as Bsep, Ntcp, and Sult2a1, as well as Ugt1a1. Furthermore, the regulation of these functional proteins related to bile acid homeostasis by arbutin could be alleviated by FXR silencing in L-02 cells. In conclusion, a protective effect could be supported by arbutin to alleviate ANIT-induced cholestatic liver toxicity, which was partly through the FXR pathway, suggesting arbutin may be a potential chemical molecule for the cholestatic disease.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause a variety of adverse effects on human health, including cancer. Wheat comprises approximately 20% of the human diet worldwide; therefore, reducing the concentrations of Cd in wheat grain will have significant impacts on the intake of Cd in food products. The tests for measuring the Cd content in grain are costly, and the content is affected significantly by soil pH. To facilitate breeding for low Cd content, this study sought to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and associated molecular markers that can be used in molecular breeding. One spring wheat population of 181 doubled haploid lines (DHLs), which was derived from a cross between two hard white spring wheat cultivars “UI Platinum” (UIP) and “LCS Star” (LCS), was assessed for the Cd content in grain in multiple field trials in Southeast Idaho, United States. Three major QTL regions, namely, QCd.uia2-5B, QCd.uia2-7B, and QCd.uia2-7D, were identified on chromosomes 5B, 7B, and 7D, respectively. All genes in these three QTL regions were identified from the NCBI database. However, three genes related to the uptake and transport of Cd were used in the candidate gene analysis. The sequences of TraesCS5B02G388000 (TaHMA3) in the QCd.uia2-5B region and TraesCS7B02G320900 (TaHMA2) and TraesCS7B02G322900 (TaMSRMK3) in the QCd.uia2-7B region were compared between UIP and LCS. TaHMA2 on 7B is proposed for the first time as a candidate gene for grain Cd content in wheat. A KASP marker associated with this gene was developed and it will be further validated in near-isogenic lines via a gene-editing system in future studies.

As a barrier for plants to contact with the outside world, epidermal wax plays an important role in resisting biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we analyzed the effect of wax content on leaf permeability by measuring the wax loss rate in the leaf. To further clarify the wax composition of the wheat epidermis and its molecular regulation mechanism, we applied untargeted lipidomic and transcriptome analysis on the leaf epidermis wax of Jimai 22 low-wax mutant (waxless) and multi-wax mutant (waxy). Our research showed that the mutant waxy has a slow loss rate, which can maintain higher leaf water content. 31 lipid subclasses and 1,367 lipid molecules were identified. By analyzing the wax differences of the two mutants, we found that the main lipid components of leaf epidermis wax in Jimai 22 were WE (C19-C50), DG (C27-C53), MG (C31-C35), and OAHFA (C31-C52). Carbon chain length analysis showed that, in wheat epidermis wax, WE was dominated by C44 molecules, DG was mainly concentrated in C47, C45, C37, and C31 molecules, C48 played a leading role in OAHFA, and C35 and C31 played a major role in MG. Among them, DG, MG, and OAHFA were detected in wheat leaf wax for the first time, and they were closely related to stress resistance. Compared with the waxy, 6,840 DEGs were detected in the mutant waxless, 3,181 DEGs were upregulated, and 3,659 DEGs were downregulated. The metabolic pattern of main waxy components in the wheat epidermis was constructed according to KEGG metabolic pathway and 46 related genes were screened, including KSC, TER, FAR, WSD1, CER1, MAH1, ALDH7A1, CYP704B1, ACOT1_2_4, CYP86, MGLL, GPAT, ALDH, DPP1, dgkA, plsC, and E2.3.1.158 related genes. The screened wax-related genes were confirmed to be highly reliable by qRT-PCR. In addition, we found TER gene TraesCS6B03G1132900LC in wheat mutant waxless leaves for the first time, which inhibited the synthesis of long-chain acyl-CoA (n+2) by downregulating its expression. These results provide valuable reference information for further study of wheat epidermis wax heredity and molecular regulation.

Background Plasmid construction of small fragments of interest (such as insertion of small fragment marker genes, expression of shRNA, siRNA, etc) is the basis of many biomolecular experiments. Here, we describe a method to clone short DNA into vectors by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), named one‐step PCR cloning. Our method uses PCR to amplify the entire circular plasmid. The PCR was performed by the primers containing the gene of short DNA with overlapping sequences between 10–15 bp. The PCR products were then transformed into E. coli and cyclized by homologous recombination in vivo. Methods The pEGFP‐N1‐HA plasmid was constructed by one‐step PCR and transformation. Cells were transfected with pEGFP‐N1‐HA and pEGFP‐N1 plasmid using TurboFect transfection reagent. Protein expression was detected by western blotting and the HA‐GFP fusion protein was detected by confocal microscopy. Results The pEGFP‐N1‐HA plasmid was successfully constructed and HA expression in cells. Conclusions Free from the limitations of restriction enzyme sites and omitting the ligation process, our method offers a flexible and economical option of plasmid construction. Key points Significant findings of the study A method to clone short DNA into plasmids was found. What this study adds Our study provides a flexible and economical option to clone short DNA into plasmids.

Walnut oil is an excellent source of essential fatty acids. Systematic evaluation of walnut lipids has significance for the development of the nutritional and functional value of walnut. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS) was used to characterize the lipids of walnut. A total of 525 lipids were detected and triacylglycerols (TG) (18:2/18:2/18:3) and diacylglycerols (DG) (18:2/18:2) were the main glycerolipids present. Essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, were the main DG and TG fatty acid chains. Many types of phospholipids were observed with phosphatidic acid being present in the highest concentration (5.58%). Using a combination of metabolome and transcriptome analysis, the present study mapped the main lipid metabolism pathway in walnut. These results may provide a theoretical basis for further study and specific gene targets to enable the development of walnut with increased oil content and modified fatty acid composition.

Abstract Background Insomnia is a global disease with a high incidence and acupuncture therapy is a well appropriate method to treat insomnia. Shenmen (HT 7) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) are the acupoints most commonly used to treat insomnia. Although they can obviously relieve the clinical symptoms of insomnia, it is unclear whether they must be used together, whether the combination of two acupoints may have a synergistic or antagonistic effect, and whether there is a primary or secondary relationship between the two points in the treatment of insomnia. Further studies are needed. Therefore, in this study, we are exploring the acupoint combination effect and biological mechanism of HT 7 and SP 6 in treating insomnia. Methods/design This will be a parallel group randomized controlled trial. The study will recruit 120 patients with insomnia randomly assigned to a control group, an electroacupuncture on HT 7 group, an electroacupuncture on SP 6 group, and an electroacupuncture on HT 7 and SP 6 group. The allocation ratio is 1:1:1:1, with 30 subjects in each group. Meanwhile, ten healthy subjects who meet the study criteria will be recruited as the healthy control group. Patients in the intervention groups will be given ten rounds of electroacupuncture stimulation on the corresponding acupoints for 2 weeks, five times per week, with 2 days of rest between the two treatment courses. Patients in the control group will also receive the same two courses of ten rounds of compensatory acupuncture therapy after a 2-week waiting period for treatment. The major outcome measures of this study include the Sleep Dysfunction Rating Scale, the Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, combined with the Measure Your Medical Outcome Profile, to evaluate insomnia and the emotional state of patients with insomnia. The secondary outcome measures include sleep composition monitored by polysomnography and measurements of acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, melatonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and metabolic biomarkers in serum. Discussion In this study, we are exploring the acupoint combination effect and biological mechanism of HT 7 and SP 6 in treating insomnia, which may provide evidence for the clinical application of acupuncture and acupoint selection in the treatment of insomnia. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, Chi-CTR-1800017483 . Registered on 1 August 2018.

Rapid development of railway has heightened the need for the researches on hypereutectoid heavy rail steels. Artificial intelligence method has become an effective tool to realize materials composition design. In this paper, BP neural network models are constructed to determine the relationship among (Cr, P, S, V) alloying elements, mechanical performance and microstructure of hypereutectoid rail steels. Analysis based on this model reveals that Cr is the most prominent element for mechanical properties. The tensile strength, yield strength and hardness can be improved with the increasing content of Cr and V. The addition of P and S seems to decrease the strength and hardness of rail steels. Furthermore, the addition of (Cr, P, S, V) has a slight impact on the content of pearlite dual phases. The increase of (Cr, V) and decrease of (P, S) can contribute to an increase in ferrite content with the associated decrease in cementite. Experimental results agree well with the prediction based on the BP neural network model. This work provides an excellent basis for assessing the mechanical performance and microstructure of hypereutectoid heavy rail steels.

In order to predict the high-temperature deformation behavior of hypereutectoid steel, the hot compression tests were conducted in the strain rate range of (0.001~1) s-1 and the deformation temperature range of (950~1100)°C. The experimental data were employed to develop the Arrhenius constitutive model and BP neural network model, and their predictability for high temperature flow stress of hypereutectoid steel was further evaluated. Comparatively, a higher correlation coefficient (R) can be obtained for the BP neural network model compared with the Arrhenius constitutive equations. And the relative error within ±1% was more than 68.75% for the BP neural network model, while only 18.75% for the constitutive equations. The BP neural network model is considered more efficient and accurate to predict the hot deformation behavior than the Arrhenius constitutive equations. Moreover, the well-trained BP neural network model is employed to predict the flow stress varying with the deformation temperature and strain rate. The flow stress decreases with the increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which is in accordance with the experimental evaluation. The results indicate that BP neural network model is an efficient tool for modelling and predicting the flow behavior of hypereutectoid steels in high temperature applications.

Objective: The objective of this study is to further explore the difference between elevated blood pressure (EBP), elevated pulse pressure (EPP), and elevated mean arterial pressure (EMAP) and obesity in Chinese school-age children by sex.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 935 children between 7 and 12 years old. Overweight and obesity were defined by body mass index and body composition. The multivariate logistic regression and the adjusted population attributable risk were used to assess the effects of obesity on pre-EBP/EBP, EPP, and EMAP. The interactions were used to identify the modification of obese on the relationship between related indicators of blood pressure and height or age.Results: The average age of the children included in the study was 10. Boys with overweight and obesity had higher pre-EBP/EBP, EPP, and EMAP (p < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity had a greater impact on BP and MAP than PP, especially in boys [odds ratio (OR) > 1]. Pre-EBP/EBP in 79% of boys and 76% of girls could be attributable to the visceral fat level. The interaction between BP, PP, MAP, and height or age was modestly increased in children with overweight and obesity, especially in boys.Conclusions: Independent of age and height, obesity not only increases blood pressure, it also increases mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure, and this effect is more pronounced in boys.

The synonymous codons usage shows a characteristic pattern of preference in each organism. This codon usage bias is thought to have evolved for efficient protein synthesis. Synonymous codon usage was studied in genes of the hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) and its progenitor species, Triticum urartu (AA), Aegilops tauschii (DD), and Triticum turgidum (AABB). Triticum aestivum exhibited stronger usage bias for G/C-ending codons than did the three progenitor species, and this bias was especially higher compared to T. turgidum and Ae. tauschii. High GC content is a primary factor influencing codon usage in T. aestivum. Neutrality analysis showed a significant positive correlation (p

Abstract Background Steatosis is an important clinical manifestation associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major mediator of lipid metabolism, regulates HCV-associated hepatic steatosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we investigated the mechanism of HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A)-induced lipid accumulation by the AMPK/SREBP-1c pathway. Methods We generated model mice by injecting recombinant lentiviral particles expressing the NS5A protein (genotype 3a) via the tail vein. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TG) were examined. H&E and Oil Red O staining were used to examine lipid droplets. Immunohistochemistry staining, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of lipogenic genes. Results Our results showed that the serum levels of ALT, FFAs and TG, as well as the accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets, were increased significantly in mice infected with NS5A-expressing lentiviral particles. NS5A inhibited AMPK phosphorylation and increased the expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in vivo and in vitro. Further investigation revealed that pharmacological activation or ectopic expression of AMPK neutralized the upregulation of SREBP-1c, ACC1 and FASN, and ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation induced by NS5A. Ectopic expression of SREBP-1c enhanced NS5A-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, which was dramatically reversed by pharmacological activation of AMPK. Conclusions Collectively, we demonstrate that NS5A induces hepatic lipid accumulation via the AMPK/SREBP-1c pathway.

The effects of moisture, pH value, and coal rank on adsorption of CO2 by coal were studied using a self-made small sample coal adsorption device. Coal of different ranks was dried, acidified, and alkalized. CO2 gas (16%) was injected into the device at normal temperature and pressure. The results showed that the moisture and pH value in the environment and the coal rank had an influence on the CO2 adsorption capacity of coal. The saturation adsorption capacity of CO2 of acid-treated coal and alkaline-treated coal increased by 3.342%–4.255% and 0.808%–2.22%, respectively, compared to dry coal. The saturated adsorption capacity of CO2 of untreated coal was reduced by 2.176%–2.521% compared to the dry sample. According to experimental data, the existence of moisture inhibited the adsorption of CO2 by coal, and the increase or decrease in the pH value promotes the adsorption of CO2 by coal. The decrease in the pH value had the greatest influence on the adsorption of CO2 by coal. The higher coal rank resulted in the increased saturated adsorption capacity of CO2.

Resistance gene analog (RGA) screening of mapped disease-resistant genes not only helps to clone these genes but also helps to develop efficient molecular markers for resistance breeding. The present study focused on the PmU region located on chromosome 7AuL of Triticum urartu, and recently, a nucleotide binding site (NBS)-encoding gene, Pm60, was cloned from the same chromosome arm. In this research, NBS, protein kinase (PK), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC), the three disease resistance-related gene families, were analyzed within PmU region by using informatics tools, and an expression experiment was conducted to verify their functions in vivo. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that 126 RGAs were included on chromosome 7AuL, and 30 of the RGAs as well as Pm60 were found in the PmU region. Transcriptome database analysis of T. urartu revealed 14 PmU-RGAs with expression data, and three PmU-NBSs exhibited significant changes in expression after inoculation with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt); TRIUR3_14879 was up-regulated, while TRIUR3_00450 and TRIUR3_06270 were down-regulated. Cluster analysis showed that these three PmU-NBSs were clustered far from the cloned wheat resistance genes. Then, qRT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of 14 PmU-RGAs and Pm60 after inoculation with Bgt race E09; the results showed that Pm60 was specifically expressed in UR206 which carrying PmU, but not in susceptible UR203; while TRIUR3_14879 was significantly up-regulated and TRIUR3_00450 was down-regulated in UR206 after inoculation. These results indicated that PmU is Pm60, and TRIUR3_14879 and TRIUR3_00450 may also be involved in the defense against Bgt.

Abstract Although high levels of staphylococcal phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) in clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been shown to correlate with bacterial virulence, the PSMs expression in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), as well as its association with staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) was not yet clear. We collected a panel of 350 foodborne and 127 clinic-derived S. aureus strains and compared their PSMs expression. Overall, foodborne strains exhibited higher PSMs than clinical isolates, indicating a potential pathological significance of PSMs in staphylococcal food contamination. Furthermore, PSMs expression and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) levels in relation to antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains were analysed. While the co-expression of PSMs and SEs was confirmed, one typical foodborne strain simultaneously yielding PSMs, SEB and SED was selected. By comparing this wildtype strain to a series of gene-deficient mutants, we concluded that PSMs and SEs expressions both relied on staphylococcal accessory regulator A initiation in the early stage of accessory gene regulator control, yet their succedent regulations differentiated to RNAIII-dependent and independent, respectively. These data provided preliminary insight into PSMs and SEs expression in foodborne S. aureus, and may guide the further studies on PSMs effects in SFP.

Alleles at the Glu-1 loci play important roles in the functional properties of wheat flour. The effects of various high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) compositions on quality traits and bread-making properties were evaluated using 235 doubled haploid lines (DHs). The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with two water regimes as the main plot treatment, and DH lines as the subplot treatments. Results showed that the presence of subunit pair 5+10 at the Glu-D1 locus, either alone or in combination with others, appears to provide an improvement in quality and bread-making properties. At the Glu-A1 locus, subunit 1 produced a higher Zeleny sedimentation value (Zel) and stretch area (SA) than subunit 2* when subunits 14+15 and 5+10 were expressed at the Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, and 2* had a positive effect on the maximum dough resistance (Rmax) when subunits 14+15 and 5'+12 were expressed at the Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively. Given subunit 1 at the Glu-A1 locus and 5'+12 at the Glu-D1 locus, the effects of Glu-B1 subunits 14+15 on the tractility (Tra), dough stability time (ST), and dough development time (DT) under the well-watered regime were significantly higher than those of Glu-B1 subunits 13+16. However, 13+16 had a positive effect on SA under the rain-fed regime when subunits 2* and 5+10 were expressed at the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively. Multiple comparisons analysis revealed that the Zel and Rmax of the six subunits and eight HMW-GS compositions were stable under different water regimes. Overall, subunit compositions 1, 13+16 and 5+10 and 1, 14+15 and 5+10 had higher values for quality traits and bread-baking properties under the two water regimes. These results could play a positive guiding role in selecting and popularizing varieties suitable for production and cultivation in local areas.

In the gel-casting process, the proper selection of technological parameters is crucial for the final quality of a green body. In this work, the finite element method is used to investigate the mold characteristics in the gel-casting process, and the typical flow behaviors under different conditions are presented. Based on the distribution characteristics of temperature, pressure and flow field of gel polymer, the simulated results provide some possible reasons for the generation mechanisms of defects. Then, a series of simulations were performed to investigate the effect of process parameters on the molding quality of green gel-cast bodies. The results show that the decreasing loading speed can effectively reduce the number of defects and improve the molding quality. In addition, this paper presents a new technique by applying the exhaust hole to decrease the number of defects and, hence, improve structural integrity. The influence of the loading speed on the mold characteristics is well understood for the gating system with an exhaust hole, which suggests to us appropriate parameters for optimizing the molding design. This work provides a theoretical basis to explicate the generating mechanism of defects involved in the gel-casting process and acquires an optimized technique to produce a silicon carbide green body.

Abstract Regulation of blood glucose requires precise coordination between different endocrine systems and multiple organs. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) arises from a dysregulated response to elevated glucose levels in the circulation. Globally, the prevalence of T2D has increased dramatically in all age groups. T2D in older adults is associated with higher mortality and reduced functional status, leading to higher rate of institutionalization. Despite the potential healthcare challenges associated with the presence of T2D in the elderly, the pathogenesis and phenotype of late-onset T2D is not well studied. Here we applied untargeted metabolite profiling of urine samples from people with and without late-onset T2D using ultra-performance liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to identify urinary biomarkers for late-onset T2D in the elderly. Statistical modeling of measurements and thorough validation of structural assignment using liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have led to the identification of metabolite biomarkers associated with late-onset T2D. Lower levels of phenylalanine, acetylhistidine, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were found in urine samples of T2D subjects validated with commercial standards. Elevated levels of 5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA), which previously has only been implicated in animal model of diabetes, was found in urine of older people with T2D.

A sparse-based refocusing methodology for multiple slow-moving targets (MTs) located inside strong clutter regions is proposed in this paper. The defocused regions of MTs in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery were utilized here instead of the whole original radar data. A joint radar projection operator for the static and moving objects was formulated and employed to construct an optimization problem. The Lp norm constraint was utilized to promote the separation of MT data and the suppression of clutter. After the joint sparse imaging processing, the energy of strong static targets could be suppressed significantly in the reconstructed MT imagery. The static scene imagery could be derived simultaneously without the defocused MT. Finally, numerical simulations were used verify the validity and robustness of the proposed methodology.

Plastic food contact materials (FCM)-based products were widely used in everyday life. These products were normally imposed to strict regulations in order to pass the enforcement tests of compliance as a prefix condition. However, even in these "qualified" materials, unknown chemical substances, not involving in legislation lists, could migrate from FCM. In this perspective, the present work aims to thoroughly analyze by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) the different substances/migrants in 120 qualified FCM plastic products. Unexpectedly, among the identified compounds (nearly 100), only 13% was included in the permitted list of Commission Regulation EU No 10/2011. All the identified compounds were classified into 11 categories according to their chemical structure and the FCM type, whereas toxicology data were in addition analyzed. Each plastic type exhibited different preferences of chemical migrants. Fortunately, most of the compounds identified were of low toxicity, and only 4 chemicals were included in priority lists and previous literature reports as potential risk factors. Subsequently, the accurate amount of these 4 chemicals was determined. The amount of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were lower than the SML in Commission Regulation EU No 10/2011, and that of stearamide was under the recommended use quantity. The 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) was widely exist in the investigated FCM products. Among them, the highest level is obtained in polypropylene/low density polyethylene (BOPP/LDPE) materials, up to 45.568±31.513 mg/kg. In summary, a panel of unlisted chemical migrants were discovered and identified by GS-MS screening. The results implied that plastic FCMs were not so "inert" as they usually considered, and further safety evaluation should be performed toward the complete identification of new substances in FCM products.